Contemporary theories 

a) Psychoanalytic theories

Object relations theory

“Object relations” refers to relations with important others and how those people come to be represented within us (internalized others). According to object relations theory, people’s primary motivation is to seek contact with others, and to form relationships. In this view, interactions between primary caregivers and infants constitute the foundation of infant’s growth and development, as well as the self. Later interpersonal relationships are considered as the reactivation of internalized relations in early life. 

Relational psychoanalysis

Relational psychoanalysis integrates object relations theory with an interpersonal approach, which emphasizes the importance of the here and now. The key to relational psychoanalysis is the examination of the role of real or internalized relationships with others. 

Intersubjective theory

In this view, psychological phenomenon is seen as emerging from the interface of reciprocal interaction between people. The experience of individuals cannot be viewed in isolation, but through co-created intersubjective fields.

b) Attachment theory

In this view, humans are born needing a close emotional bond with a caregiver. This theory emphasizes the experience and expression of feelings as well as their regulation. Individuals’ personal histories of caregiving and support from early attachments shape their interpersonal attitudes, expectations, their goals, and coping strategies when faced with situations in relationships which evoke emotions.